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However, the bit period Δ varies with the swipe speed and this must be accounted for when reading the card.įigure 3. Notice that the length occupied by logic 1 and logic 0 on the card is same. For example, as shown in Figure 3, if the bit period is Δ and if a transition takes place at Δ /2, then it is logic 1, else it is logic 0. In F2F encoding, if a pole transition takes place in between the bit period, it is logic 1 else it is logic 0. Electromagnet to magnetize the stripe To represent logic 1 and logic 0, F2F encoding is used. The narrower the air gaps between the poles, the greater the density of data, which can be programmed on the card.įigure 2.
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This helps to create north-south pole patterns on the card. The magnetic field orientation can be easily programmed by controlling the current direction in the coil. In practical systems, a magnetic write head is used which is nothing but a coil wound around a core. Magnetizing material under the influence of external magnetic field align in a specific direction However, when subjected to an external magnetic field, particles on the stripe are aligned with the external applied field.įigure 1. The particles in a magnetizing material might have some specific alignment or could be in random directions if it has not been previously subjected to a magnetic field with a particular orientation. Figure 1 shows a magnetic stripe coated with magnetizing material. In magnetic-based storage systems, information is represented by pole patterns on a magnetizing material like iron oxide. In order to understand the effects of card swipe speed, the quality of the card, and sensitivity of the sensor, it is important to know how information is stored on a card as well as how it is sensed by the read head. This article explains mechanisms for handling variations in the sensor signal. This requires analog circuitry to adapt to these changes and process the sensor signal without distortion. Moreover, frequency also varies with the swipe speed. Reading the magnetic card successfully is a challenge because of the fact that the amplitude of sensor signal varies with the speed at which card is swiped, the quality of the card, and the sensitivity of magnetic read head. Recording of data on the magnetic cards is digital and is done by magnetizing particles along the length of the stripe. Reading magnetic stripe cards requires significant analog circuitry besides digital logic to decode data. This article focuses on Magnetic stripe cards used extensively for financial transactions and access control across the globe. Since then, this concept has been applied for different products like floppy disks, audio/video tapes, hard disks, and magnetic stripe cards.
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Storing information through magnetic patterns was first demonstrated to record audio.